Notice on Strengthening the Administration of Import of titanium production operations to rectify the order of
State Economic and Trade Commission, Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation State Aerospace titanium castings Environmental Protection Administration of Customs State Administration for Industry and State Administration of Quality and Technical Supervision, State Administration for Entry
State Economic and Trade Commission of Foreign Trade and Economic
Cooperation of the State Environmental Protection Administration of Customs
State Administration for Industry and State Administration of Quality Technology
Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau of Supervision
Notice on Strengthening the Administration of Import of titanium production operations to rectify the order of
SETC Trade [ 1999 ] No. 1164
Provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities , separately listed cities and Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps (economic commissions , Economic Commission ) , Office of Foreign Trade ( Commission, Council ) , Guangdong Customs , directly under the Customs , the Environmental Protection Agency , Administration for Industry quality and Technical Supervision , Inspection and Quarantine Bureau directly under the immigration :
As a new high-performance titanium rare quality , cutting-edge technology is indispensable for defense and critical and supportive materials. Since the founding of the great support in the country , China's titanium industry developed rapidly , becoming one of the few countries in the world capable of producing titanium , product quality has reached the international advanced level , especially aviation titanium alloy material , a world leader , enjoys a certain reputation in the international arena . But in recent years , a number of companies and individuals in driving local interests, a large number of illegal import of scrap titanium through border trade and smuggling and other forms , resulting in domestic sunrui Titanium alloy valve production, circulation disorder, seriously affect the normal development of China's titanium industry . To promote the healthy development of domestic titanium industry , to ensure the normal operation of domestic titanium producers , according to the relevant laws and regulations of the country , decided to strengthen the management and consolidation of imported titanium titanium production , operation order . Relevant issues are hereby notified as follows:
First, strengthen titanium import management
( A ) the titanium , titanium alloy , titanium alloy shredded scrap ( specific heading annex ) as the focus of sensitive goods imports , increase customs inspection efforts. Meanwhile, the focus of the trial price of titanium products as customs , the customs at trial must be strictly in accordance with relevant provisions of trial , to prevent price frauds .
In Xinjiang , Inner Mongolia, Heilongjiang various ports , the investigation focused on the implementation of regulatory control , and resolutely crack down by pseudo- reported imports of titanium and other ways of concealing illegal behavior.
Intensify efforts to combat smuggling of titanium , titanium imports of violations and smuggling cases , and resolutely punished according to law .
( B) the strict implementation of the National Environmental Protection Agency , the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation , Customs, State Administration for Industry and Commerce , the State Administration of 1996 jointly issued "on the promulgation < Provisional Regulations on Administration of Environmental Protection Waste Import " notice " ( environmental Control [ 1996 ] No. 204 ) of the relevant provisions prohibited titanium scrap , scrap titanium alloy , titanium alloy scrap imports, the state environmental protection department shall not issue " waste import approval certificate ." Right to scrap iron and steel, electrical appliances and other scrap metal imports in nominal imports of titanium or entrained units and individuals , once discovered , in accordance with the relevant provisions of the punishment.
Import and export operation rights and have the right to operate cross-border trade enterprises are not allowed to import or import agent titanium scrap , scrap titanium alloy , titanium alloy scrap , once discovered , is handled by the foreign trade department according to relevant regulations , the circumstances are serious business , cancel or suspend its right to operate import and export business.
( 3) to titanium , titanium alloy product catalog to include statutory inspection by the State Administration for Entry for the implementation of the statutory inspection of imported titanium , do not ban the import of compliant products .
Second, to strengthen titanium processing production management
Enterprises for the production of titanium production license system , the quality and technical supervision departments providers nonferrous metals industry management department of the existing producers of titanium titanium production licenses issued . Unlicensed businesses and individuals are not allowed to production and processing of titanium and its products .
Quality and technical supervision departments in conjunction with the non-ferrous metal industry management departments to strengthen the production and processing of titanium product quality supervision and inspection , who found adulterated, or impurities, shoddy, substandard goods as well as qualified products use imported scrap titanium titanium raw materials , according to the relevant regulations of the State to punish .
Third, rectify market order flow titanium
State sales and acquisitions of titanium metal titanium , titanium alloy , titanium alloy scrap ( including unwrought titanium , powder , profiles , etc. ) of a unified management . Titanium ventures have been set up after the State Economic and Trade Commission or its authorized approval, prior to June 1, 2000 to the industrial and commercial administrative authorities for re-registration . The new application for the establishment of titanium enterprises approved by the State Economic and Trade Commission or its authorized units , the industry and commerce administration authorities for registration . Without the approval and registration of , any enterprise or individual shall engage in business activities titanium .
Recently, the State aerospace investment castings Administration for Industry and Commerce in conjunction with the quality and technical supervision departments of Baoji , Shenyang two centralized straighten titanium market , strictly regulate the processing and marketing behavior of titanium products , strengthen quality supervision of related products.
All relevant departments should actively cooperate , to work together to strengthen titanium import management and good rectification work on titanium production, operation order.
From the date of the notice issued by the Executive .
Aerospace titanium castings
2014年4月16日星期三
Titanium alloy valve Memory alloys for artificial heart
Memory alloy is an atomic arrangement is very rules into martensite is less than 0.5% by volume of phase change alloy . This alloy will be deformed under an external force when the external force is removed, under certain temperature conditions , can restore the original shape. Because it has more than a million times to restore function, Aerospace titanium castings so called " memory alloys ." Of course it is not like the human brain thinking and memory , more accurately should be called " shape memory alloys ." In addition, the memory alloy also has a non-magnetic, wear and corrosion , non-toxic advantages, so widely used. Scientists have now discovered dozens of different memory alloys , such as titanium - nickel alloy, gold - cadmium alloy, copper - zinc alloy.
What is memory alloy 1870s , the world there is a materials science with alloy " memory" shape function . Memory is a rather special alloy metal bars , it can easily be bent , we put it in the container of hot water aquarium , metal strips rushed forward ; put it into cold water , the metal strip is restored the status quo. Container of cold water in the aquarium , the stretch of a spring , when the spring into the hot water , springs and automatically folded up . Cold water in the spring to restore its original state , while in hot water , it will shrink , spring can be an unlimited number of stretching and shrinking , shrinking again opened. The memory consists of an intelligent made of metal , the microstructure of which has two relatively stable at high temperatures of the alloy can be turned into any shape you want, the alloy at lower temperatures can be stretched , but if it is reheated , it will remember its original shape , and change back. This material is called memory metal (memory metal). It is mainly a nickel titanium material. For example , a helical superalloy, after high temperature annealing , which is in the shape of a spiral state. At room temperature , that is forced to use a lot of effort to straighten it , but as long as it is heated to a certain " abnormal temperature ," which seemed to root alloy remembered something, now restored to its original helical shape . How is this going ? Did alloy also has a kind of human memory ? Original not the case ! It's just the use of certain alloys law changes the crystal structure in the solid state with temperature only. For example , a nickel - titanium alloy 40oC 40oC above and below the crystal structure is different, but the temperature change in the vertical 40oC , will be contracted or expanded metal , such that its shape is changed . Here , 40oC is a nickel - titanium shape memory alloy "abnormal temperature ." Various alloys have their own perverted temperature. Abnormal high temperature superalloys above that . At high temperatures it is spirally formed in a stable state . At room temperature when it forcibly straightened, it is in an unstable state , sunrui Titanium alloy valve so long as it is heated to a temperature of metamorphosis , it is immediately restored to the spiral shape of the original is in a stable state . Classification and application of shape memory alloy can be divided into three types: ( 1 ) one-way shape memory alloy memory effect deformation at low temperature before heating the deformed shape recoverability , which exists only in the heating process of shape memory One way is called memory effect . ( 2 ) Two-way memory effect of certain alloys with shape recovery temperature heating , cooling can restore the shape of the low temperature phase , called the two-way memory effect. ( 3 ) recovery throughout the high-temperature phase shape memory effect heating , cooling into the same shape and the shape of the opposite orientation of the low-temperature phase , called the whole memory effect. Three kinds of memory effect is shown below. Has been successfully developed TiNi shape memory alloy based shape memory alloys, copper-based shape memory alloys , iron-based shape memory alloys. The earliest reports of the shape memory effect and Read by Chang et al made in 1952 . They observed Au-Cd alloy reversible phase transformation . Later in the Cu-Zn alloys also found the same phenomenon, but did not attract widespread attention . Until 1962 , Buehler and his collaborators observed with macroscopic shape memory effects such as changes in the atomic ratio of TiNi alloy , it attracted the attention of materials science and industry . By the early 1970s , CuZn, CuZnAl, CuAlNi also found in other alloys with shape memory effect martensitic transformation related . For decades, research on shape memory alloy has gradually become an important issue of international conferences and phase change materials conferences , and has held a number of symposia , and constantly enrich and improve the martensitic aerospace investment castings transformation theory . In theory deepening , while the application of shape memory alloys have also made considerable progress, its scope of application involves many areas of mechanical , electronic, chemical , aerospace , energy and medical. Specific applications of shape memory alloys below. Industrial applications: ( 1 ) the use of one-way shape memory effect of a one-way shape recovery . Such as pipe fittings, antenna , rings and so on. ( 2 ) extrinsic two-way memory recovery. Namely the use of one-way shape memory effect and lifting to do with the temperature outside help repeated actions, such as heat-sensitive components, robots, terminals , etc. ( 3 ) intrinsic two-way memory recovery. Namely the use of two-way memory effect with temperature elevating do repeated actions, such as heat engines , thermal components. But such applications faster memory decay , poor reliability , not commonly used. ( 4 ) ultra- flexible application . Such as springs , terminal, eyeglass frames and so on. Medical Applications : biocompatibility TiNi alloy good use of its shape memory effect and superelasticity medical instances considerable . If the filter thrombosis , spinal orthopedic rods, tooth orthopedic wire, cerebral aneurysm clips, plates , intramedullary nail , artificial joints, contraceptive devices , cardiac repair components, artificial kidneys using a micro- pumps. Tech applications Outlook: The 20th century was the era of mechanical and electrical science . Sensing - IC - driving is the most typical mechanical and electronic control systems, but the complexity and huge . Shape memory materials both sensing and driven dual function , the control system can achieve miniaturization and intelligent robots such as holograms , ultra- millimeter micro robots. The 21st century will be the era of e- learning materials . Action shape memory alloy robot addition to temperature conditions without any environmental impact is expected in high-tech fields reactors, accelerators , space laboratories flourish. Memory alloy spoke alloys, of course, talk about the most interesting alloys - memory alloy . Metal has a memory , an accidental discovery : the early 1960s , a research team from the U.S. Navy led to some of the warehouse nitinol wire experiments , they found that these alloy wire winding , very easy to use , so he took these alloy wire a root straightened. During the test , a strange phenomenon , they found that when the temperature rose to a certain value , which has been straightened nitinol wire suddenly restored to its original state bent , they are good at observing the heart, and repeated done several tests , the results have confirmed these filaments do ? "memory ." The discovery of Naval Research , and aroused great interest in the scientific community , a large number of scientists have conducted in-depth research . Found that zinc alloy , copper-aluminum -nickel alloy , copper-molybdenum -nickel alloy , zinc alloy, copper and gold also have this strange ability . It may be in a certain range , according to the need to change the shape of these alloys to a particular temperature, they automatically return to their original shape , and this " change - recovery " may be repeated several times , regardless of how changes they always remember the shape of his own time , to this temperature , it is no less to the prototype reproduction. It is called the shape memory effect of this phenomenon , the metal having such a shape memory effect is called a shape memory alloy , referred to as memory alloy . Why are these alloys can have such a shape memory effect ? How they remember their original shape ? With the general theory of metallic bonds , free electron theory is difficult to explain the effect of this memory alloy . Memory alloy under certain temperature conditions can be restored to original shape for sports extranuclear - movement with temperature changes , provides an excellent example. It is due to the formation of the alloy at high temperature of the liquid metal melt each other , since the structure of the liquid metal element rejection , resulting in the structure of another metal element and the structure of each element of this element uniform solidification , its microstructure is ordered different types of structure element proportional to the electromagnetic force is the main object of the alloy constituting the cohesion . The electromagnetic force is formed by the valence and electronic operation of the electronic operating rate changes with temperature , so the electromagnetic force ( size, direction , action point ) is also inside the object temperature conditions. The resulting internal forces of metal objects with temperature changes , but these changes within a small range of temperature difference is not obvious , only performance only in the larger temperature changes ( several hundred degrees C) . Force in the general metal , can be plastically deformed as a wire is bent , the bending portion , the electromagnetic force by the external disturbance , resulting in operation of an electromagnetic plane and force electrons to the valence micro adjustment , a plastic deformation completed . Due to the different types of memory alloy structural element uniform blending with each other , despite the different size of the structure element tall, electromagnetic force , but each has its own price and speed up the operation , under certain temperature conditions adjacent peace and quiet . After the external force , the electromagnetic force of the external disturbance , and the valence electrons run to the plane of trace angle adjustment , the object is plastically deformed , in this plastic deformation , the price and the adjustment operation of the electronic part is not stretched . When the rate of change of temperature change with current prices and electrons when the temperature returns to the refreshing phase of development (transition temperature ) conditions , and does not stretch the valence electrons immediately run back to the time rate of change along the electromagnetic force , the adjacent structural element of price and running are also adjusted accordingly , the entire stretch back to the original state , so the whole object also return to the original state. This is the memory of the process memory alloy . In fact, the memory metal has long been found : a straight wire bent to a right angle (90 °), a release , it is necessary to restore it to form an angle larger than 90 ° . Put a bent wire straightening , it must fold to over 180 ° and then released, so that it can just return to the straight state, which is the Chinese idiom spoken overkill. There is a better memory alloy spring , ( talking about here is a steel spring , steel is an iron -carbon alloy ) spring firmly remember their shape , force a withdrawal , immediately return to their original appearance, only a wide temperature memory spring , so there is not a specific memory alloys transition temperature, which has some special functions . With the memory alloy deformation function at a particular temperature , the temperature can produce a variety of devices, the temperature control circuit can be produced , thermostatic door , temperature of the pipe connection . People have made use of automatic memory alloy fire hydrant - fire temperature, memory alloy deformation, so that the valve opens, water spray fire. Making a connection to connect the mechanical parts , pipes , air refueling aircraft interface is the use of a shape memory alloy - two oil pipes tacking , the use of electric heating temperature change , the interface memory alloy deformation, so that the interface tight dripping ( oil ) does not leak . Making the area of several hundred square meters of space station antenna from Fair - first made large parabolic antennas or planar , folded into a ball on the ground, with the spacecraft to the space , the temperature changes , since the development of a large area and the original shape. Memory alloys have been to dozens of current development in the aerospace, military, industrial, agricultural , medical and other fields have a purpose , and the development trend is very impressive, it is grand plans for the benefit of mankind.
Shape memory alloys have been found so far a dozen memory alloy system. Include Au-Cd, Ag-Cd, Cu-Zn, Cu-Zn-Al, Cu-Zn-Sn, Cu-Zn-Si, Cu-Sn, Cu-Zn-Ga, In-Ti, Au-Cu-Zn , NiAl, Fe-Pt, Ti-Ni, Ti-Ni-Pd, Ti-Nb, U-Nb and Fe-Mn-Si , etc.
Application memory alloy application memory alloy is widely used. For example, the fastening pin machinery, fittings, fire alarm on electronic equipment , connectors , integrated circuits, soldering , artificial heart valves for medical , chiropractic stick, skull repair surgery, orthopedic and oral teeth mandible repair surgery. It will also play a magical performance in a communications satellite , color TV , temperature controllers and toys , etc., will also be new material on all fronts , modern maritime, aviation , aerospace , transportation , textile and so on.
Memory alloy pipe has been used in combination with automatic control , the sleeve may be made of shape memory alloy instead of welding , is in the low temperature expansion of the tube to approximately 4% of the full , a socket assembly with a heated , shrinkage of the sleeve restore the prototype , form a tight engagement . U.S. Navy aircraft hydraulic system uses a 100,000 such joints, oil spills and damage over the years never happened . Ship and submarine oil pipeline damage , sunrui titanium alloy coils repair it with a shape memory alloy fittings, very convenient. In some parts of the inconvenience of construction , the pin made of shape memory alloy , into the hole is heated to separate the trailing end automatically curl to form single assembly .
Memory alloy is particularly suitable for thermo-mechanical and automatic temperature control , automatic opening and closing has made room arm can open the windows are in the sunshine during the day , automatically turns off when the night temperature drops. Memory alloy heat engine designs are also a lot that they can be in with a low temperature difference between the two media work , so as to take advantage of industrial cooling water , nuclear reactor heat, ocean thermal and solar power opened up new avenues . Now the problem is widespread efficiency is not high, only 4 % to 6% , to be further improved .
Memory alloys in medical applications is also very compelling. E.g., the bone with the bone plate , not only can two fixing broken bones , and the recovery of the original shape of the compression force is generated , forcing the broken bones are joined together . After straightening teeth using dental wire , long clip ligation of cerebral aneurysms and vas deferens , with the support plate straightening the spine , are implanted in the human body temperature by the action starts, thrombus filter is also a new product memory alloy . After being straightened filter implanted vein , will be gradually restored into a network , thereby preventing clot 95% flow to the heart and lungs.
Artificial heart is a more complex structure of the organ , muscle fibers of the elastic memory alloy thin film made of ventricular cooperate to mimic ventricular contraction . Now water is pumped been successful.
Since memory alloy is a " life has alloy " , use it at a certain temperature changes shape , you can design all kinds of self-control devices , its use is expanding . The first application of shape memory alloy pipe fittings in and fasteners . A shape memory alloy is processed into an outer diameter smaller than the internal diameter of the pipe to be connected to the casing 4% , at liquid nitrogen temperature and then expanding the sleeve diameter of about 8% , this will be removed from the cannula assembly when the liquid nitrogen , the desire inserted from both ends of the tube connection . When the temperature was raised to room temperature , i.e., the sleeve forming a holding seal shrinkage . This connection can be in close contact with anti-leakage , far better than welding , especially suitable for aviation, aerospace , nuclear industry and submarine pipelines and other dangerous situations. The most promising application memory alloys in aerospace technology . July 20, 1969 , "Apollo" 11 lunar module landed on the moon , the first human landing on the moon to achieve the dream of traveling . After the astronauts landing on the moon , on the moon a few meters in diameter placed a large hemispherical antenna for transmitting and receiving information to Earth . A few meters from a large antenna mounted on the tiny lunar module sent into space inside . Antenna that was just invented near memory alloy used. Under normal circumstances, the first predetermined requirements of good memory alloy material with a very thin , then lower the temperature to press it into a ball , bring the day to go into the lunar module . Into the lunar surface after the temperature rise in the sunlight , when it reaches the transition temperature , antennas and " mind" from their original appearance , becomes a huge domed . At present, the shape memory effect and superelasticity has been widely used in various fields of medicine and life . Thrombus filter manufacturing , spinal orthopedic rods, plates , artificial joints, women bra , artificial heart and so on. Can also be widely used in a variety of automatic regulation and control devices. Shape memory films and filaments may be the ideal material for future ultra- miniature robots and robots. Especially its light weight, high strength and corrosion resistance makes it highly popular in various fields .
What is memory alloy 1870s , the world there is a materials science with alloy " memory" shape function . Memory is a rather special alloy metal bars , it can easily be bent , we put it in the container of hot water aquarium , metal strips rushed forward ; put it into cold water , the metal strip is restored the status quo. Container of cold water in the aquarium , the stretch of a spring , when the spring into the hot water , springs and automatically folded up . Cold water in the spring to restore its original state , while in hot water , it will shrink , spring can be an unlimited number of stretching and shrinking , shrinking again opened. The memory consists of an intelligent made of metal , the microstructure of which has two relatively stable at high temperatures of the alloy can be turned into any shape you want, the alloy at lower temperatures can be stretched , but if it is reheated , it will remember its original shape , and change back. This material is called memory metal (memory metal). It is mainly a nickel titanium material. For example , a helical superalloy, after high temperature annealing , which is in the shape of a spiral state. At room temperature , that is forced to use a lot of effort to straighten it , but as long as it is heated to a certain " abnormal temperature ," which seemed to root alloy remembered something, now restored to its original helical shape . How is this going ? Did alloy also has a kind of human memory ? Original not the case ! It's just the use of certain alloys law changes the crystal structure in the solid state with temperature only. For example , a nickel - titanium alloy 40oC 40oC above and below the crystal structure is different, but the temperature change in the vertical 40oC , will be contracted or expanded metal , such that its shape is changed . Here , 40oC is a nickel - titanium shape memory alloy "abnormal temperature ." Various alloys have their own perverted temperature. Abnormal high temperature superalloys above that . At high temperatures it is spirally formed in a stable state . At room temperature when it forcibly straightened, it is in an unstable state , sunrui Titanium alloy valve so long as it is heated to a temperature of metamorphosis , it is immediately restored to the spiral shape of the original is in a stable state . Classification and application of shape memory alloy can be divided into three types: ( 1 ) one-way shape memory alloy memory effect deformation at low temperature before heating the deformed shape recoverability , which exists only in the heating process of shape memory One way is called memory effect . ( 2 ) Two-way memory effect of certain alloys with shape recovery temperature heating , cooling can restore the shape of the low temperature phase , called the two-way memory effect. ( 3 ) recovery throughout the high-temperature phase shape memory effect heating , cooling into the same shape and the shape of the opposite orientation of the low-temperature phase , called the whole memory effect. Three kinds of memory effect is shown below. Has been successfully developed TiNi shape memory alloy based shape memory alloys, copper-based shape memory alloys , iron-based shape memory alloys. The earliest reports of the shape memory effect and Read by Chang et al made in 1952 . They observed Au-Cd alloy reversible phase transformation . Later in the Cu-Zn alloys also found the same phenomenon, but did not attract widespread attention . Until 1962 , Buehler and his collaborators observed with macroscopic shape memory effects such as changes in the atomic ratio of TiNi alloy , it attracted the attention of materials science and industry . By the early 1970s , CuZn, CuZnAl, CuAlNi also found in other alloys with shape memory effect martensitic transformation related . For decades, research on shape memory alloy has gradually become an important issue of international conferences and phase change materials conferences , and has held a number of symposia , and constantly enrich and improve the martensitic aerospace investment castings transformation theory . In theory deepening , while the application of shape memory alloys have also made considerable progress, its scope of application involves many areas of mechanical , electronic, chemical , aerospace , energy and medical. Specific applications of shape memory alloys below. Industrial applications: ( 1 ) the use of one-way shape memory effect of a one-way shape recovery . Such as pipe fittings, antenna , rings and so on. ( 2 ) extrinsic two-way memory recovery. Namely the use of one-way shape memory effect and lifting to do with the temperature outside help repeated actions, such as heat-sensitive components, robots, terminals , etc. ( 3 ) intrinsic two-way memory recovery. Namely the use of two-way memory effect with temperature elevating do repeated actions, such as heat engines , thermal components. But such applications faster memory decay , poor reliability , not commonly used. ( 4 ) ultra- flexible application . Such as springs , terminal, eyeglass frames and so on. Medical Applications : biocompatibility TiNi alloy good use of its shape memory effect and superelasticity medical instances considerable . If the filter thrombosis , spinal orthopedic rods, tooth orthopedic wire, cerebral aneurysm clips, plates , intramedullary nail , artificial joints, contraceptive devices , cardiac repair components, artificial kidneys using a micro- pumps. Tech applications Outlook: The 20th century was the era of mechanical and electrical science . Sensing - IC - driving is the most typical mechanical and electronic control systems, but the complexity and huge . Shape memory materials both sensing and driven dual function , the control system can achieve miniaturization and intelligent robots such as holograms , ultra- millimeter micro robots. The 21st century will be the era of e- learning materials . Action shape memory alloy robot addition to temperature conditions without any environmental impact is expected in high-tech fields reactors, accelerators , space laboratories flourish. Memory alloy spoke alloys, of course, talk about the most interesting alloys - memory alloy . Metal has a memory , an accidental discovery : the early 1960s , a research team from the U.S. Navy led to some of the warehouse nitinol wire experiments , they found that these alloy wire winding , very easy to use , so he took these alloy wire a root straightened. During the test , a strange phenomenon , they found that when the temperature rose to a certain value , which has been straightened nitinol wire suddenly restored to its original state bent , they are good at observing the heart, and repeated done several tests , the results have confirmed these filaments do ? "memory ." The discovery of Naval Research , and aroused great interest in the scientific community , a large number of scientists have conducted in-depth research . Found that zinc alloy , copper-aluminum -nickel alloy , copper-molybdenum -nickel alloy , zinc alloy, copper and gold also have this strange ability . It may be in a certain range , according to the need to change the shape of these alloys to a particular temperature, they automatically return to their original shape , and this " change - recovery " may be repeated several times , regardless of how changes they always remember the shape of his own time , to this temperature , it is no less to the prototype reproduction. It is called the shape memory effect of this phenomenon , the metal having such a shape memory effect is called a shape memory alloy , referred to as memory alloy . Why are these alloys can have such a shape memory effect ? How they remember their original shape ? With the general theory of metallic bonds , free electron theory is difficult to explain the effect of this memory alloy . Memory alloy under certain temperature conditions can be restored to original shape for sports extranuclear - movement with temperature changes , provides an excellent example. It is due to the formation of the alloy at high temperature of the liquid metal melt each other , since the structure of the liquid metal element rejection , resulting in the structure of another metal element and the structure of each element of this element uniform solidification , its microstructure is ordered different types of structure element proportional to the electromagnetic force is the main object of the alloy constituting the cohesion . The electromagnetic force is formed by the valence and electronic operation of the electronic operating rate changes with temperature , so the electromagnetic force ( size, direction , action point ) is also inside the object temperature conditions. The resulting internal forces of metal objects with temperature changes , but these changes within a small range of temperature difference is not obvious , only performance only in the larger temperature changes ( several hundred degrees C) . Force in the general metal , can be plastically deformed as a wire is bent , the bending portion , the electromagnetic force by the external disturbance , resulting in operation of an electromagnetic plane and force electrons to the valence micro adjustment , a plastic deformation completed . Due to the different types of memory alloy structural element uniform blending with each other , despite the different size of the structure element tall, electromagnetic force , but each has its own price and speed up the operation , under certain temperature conditions adjacent peace and quiet . After the external force , the electromagnetic force of the external disturbance , and the valence electrons run to the plane of trace angle adjustment , the object is plastically deformed , in this plastic deformation , the price and the adjustment operation of the electronic part is not stretched . When the rate of change of temperature change with current prices and electrons when the temperature returns to the refreshing phase of development (transition temperature ) conditions , and does not stretch the valence electrons immediately run back to the time rate of change along the electromagnetic force , the adjacent structural element of price and running are also adjusted accordingly , the entire stretch back to the original state , so the whole object also return to the original state. This is the memory of the process memory alloy . In fact, the memory metal has long been found : a straight wire bent to a right angle (90 °), a release , it is necessary to restore it to form an angle larger than 90 ° . Put a bent wire straightening , it must fold to over 180 ° and then released, so that it can just return to the straight state, which is the Chinese idiom spoken overkill. There is a better memory alloy spring , ( talking about here is a steel spring , steel is an iron -carbon alloy ) spring firmly remember their shape , force a withdrawal , immediately return to their original appearance, only a wide temperature memory spring , so there is not a specific memory alloys transition temperature, which has some special functions . With the memory alloy deformation function at a particular temperature , the temperature can produce a variety of devices, the temperature control circuit can be produced , thermostatic door , temperature of the pipe connection . People have made use of automatic memory alloy fire hydrant - fire temperature, memory alloy deformation, so that the valve opens, water spray fire. Making a connection to connect the mechanical parts , pipes , air refueling aircraft interface is the use of a shape memory alloy - two oil pipes tacking , the use of electric heating temperature change , the interface memory alloy deformation, so that the interface tight dripping ( oil ) does not leak . Making the area of several hundred square meters of space station antenna from Fair - first made large parabolic antennas or planar , folded into a ball on the ground, with the spacecraft to the space , the temperature changes , since the development of a large area and the original shape. Memory alloys have been to dozens of current development in the aerospace, military, industrial, agricultural , medical and other fields have a purpose , and the development trend is very impressive, it is grand plans for the benefit of mankind.
Shape memory alloys have been found so far a dozen memory alloy system. Include Au-Cd, Ag-Cd, Cu-Zn, Cu-Zn-Al, Cu-Zn-Sn, Cu-Zn-Si, Cu-Sn, Cu-Zn-Ga, In-Ti, Au-Cu-Zn , NiAl, Fe-Pt, Ti-Ni, Ti-Ni-Pd, Ti-Nb, U-Nb and Fe-Mn-Si , etc.
Application memory alloy application memory alloy is widely used. For example, the fastening pin machinery, fittings, fire alarm on electronic equipment , connectors , integrated circuits, soldering , artificial heart valves for medical , chiropractic stick, skull repair surgery, orthopedic and oral teeth mandible repair surgery. It will also play a magical performance in a communications satellite , color TV , temperature controllers and toys , etc., will also be new material on all fronts , modern maritime, aviation , aerospace , transportation , textile and so on.
Memory alloy pipe has been used in combination with automatic control , the sleeve may be made of shape memory alloy instead of welding , is in the low temperature expansion of the tube to approximately 4% of the full , a socket assembly with a heated , shrinkage of the sleeve restore the prototype , form a tight engagement . U.S. Navy aircraft hydraulic system uses a 100,000 such joints, oil spills and damage over the years never happened . Ship and submarine oil pipeline damage , sunrui titanium alloy coils repair it with a shape memory alloy fittings, very convenient. In some parts of the inconvenience of construction , the pin made of shape memory alloy , into the hole is heated to separate the trailing end automatically curl to form single assembly .
Memory alloy is particularly suitable for thermo-mechanical and automatic temperature control , automatic opening and closing has made room arm can open the windows are in the sunshine during the day , automatically turns off when the night temperature drops. Memory alloy heat engine designs are also a lot that they can be in with a low temperature difference between the two media work , so as to take advantage of industrial cooling water , nuclear reactor heat, ocean thermal and solar power opened up new avenues . Now the problem is widespread efficiency is not high, only 4 % to 6% , to be further improved .
Memory alloys in medical applications is also very compelling. E.g., the bone with the bone plate , not only can two fixing broken bones , and the recovery of the original shape of the compression force is generated , forcing the broken bones are joined together . After straightening teeth using dental wire , long clip ligation of cerebral aneurysms and vas deferens , with the support plate straightening the spine , are implanted in the human body temperature by the action starts, thrombus filter is also a new product memory alloy . After being straightened filter implanted vein , will be gradually restored into a network , thereby preventing clot 95% flow to the heart and lungs.
Artificial heart is a more complex structure of the organ , muscle fibers of the elastic memory alloy thin film made of ventricular cooperate to mimic ventricular contraction . Now water is pumped been successful.
Since memory alloy is a " life has alloy " , use it at a certain temperature changes shape , you can design all kinds of self-control devices , its use is expanding . The first application of shape memory alloy pipe fittings in and fasteners . A shape memory alloy is processed into an outer diameter smaller than the internal diameter of the pipe to be connected to the casing 4% , at liquid nitrogen temperature and then expanding the sleeve diameter of about 8% , this will be removed from the cannula assembly when the liquid nitrogen , the desire inserted from both ends of the tube connection . When the temperature was raised to room temperature , i.e., the sleeve forming a holding seal shrinkage . This connection can be in close contact with anti-leakage , far better than welding , especially suitable for aviation, aerospace , nuclear industry and submarine pipelines and other dangerous situations. The most promising application memory alloys in aerospace technology . July 20, 1969 , "Apollo" 11 lunar module landed on the moon , the first human landing on the moon to achieve the dream of traveling . After the astronauts landing on the moon , on the moon a few meters in diameter placed a large hemispherical antenna for transmitting and receiving information to Earth . A few meters from a large antenna mounted on the tiny lunar module sent into space inside . Antenna that was just invented near memory alloy used. Under normal circumstances, the first predetermined requirements of good memory alloy material with a very thin , then lower the temperature to press it into a ball , bring the day to go into the lunar module . Into the lunar surface after the temperature rise in the sunlight , when it reaches the transition temperature , antennas and " mind" from their original appearance , becomes a huge domed . At present, the shape memory effect and superelasticity has been widely used in various fields of medicine and life . Thrombus filter manufacturing , spinal orthopedic rods, plates , artificial joints, women bra , artificial heart and so on. Can also be widely used in a variety of automatic regulation and control devices. Shape memory films and filaments may be the ideal material for future ultra- miniature robots and robots. Especially its light weight, high strength and corrosion resistance makes it highly popular in various fields .
Titanium alloy valve Titanium: the son of Heaven and Earth
Titanium element symbol Ti, hailed myth transit and ground son.
Despite all walks of life now have titanium figure, but titanium is still in people's minds very strange, as is well known , unlike iron, aluminum, household name . Therefore, understanding titanium, titanium awareness , attention titanium becomes more urgent. Despite the early eighties of the last century , the state established the National Leading Group Office to promote the application of titanium , 20 years, Aerospace titanium castings titanium industry has been rapid development , further widening the use of titanium , titanium but in the end what that is, how to use, more its still know these people I do not know why.
A lot of people did not know what titanium , titanium past two years but the market is the same as the name "Titanium " hot, too hot for some people who do not understand the titanium -row actually said the words , that is, people say open yellow cavity. After more complicated after the titanium smelting process out , the shape of the sponge -like, it is called titanium sponge . Since last year, the market is extremely strong titanium sponge , the price soared from 5,6 million ton a ton to more than 20 million , the highest it has sold more than 30 million yuan a ton , it is no exaggeration to say that now in the hands of owners who titanium sponge whoever has the opportunity to make a fortune. In this hot market , some knowledge of the money and did not know who to care between acquaintances to buy titanium sponge titanium, titanium openings actually say do not buy just to buy a sponge , jokes jokes Yeah , even the product names are confused on buying titanium sponge , indeed ironic . Jokes apart , there are also thinking of a joke . How to make titanium into the homes of ordinary people , to let people know that just as iron titanium , aluminum, titanium promote the application of this work is to be valued . I want to let more people know about titanium, titanium know , the use of titanium , titanium had to start from the origin , and the depth into the room , go slowly so that people know the truth about titanium .
In 1789, the British discoverer of titanium analytical chemist Glenn Gore . Once, he conducted research on the UK Manasseh Chen valley produced a black magnetic ore, found to contain brown slag powder. He was a very strong interest and research. Did not arouse people's attention. 1795 , German mineralogist and analytical chemist Klaproth in the analysis region of Hungary Bowie Nick red rutile production , Chen found mine looks like Manasseh , after comparative studies, knows the difference between the main ingredient similar, but Manasseh Chen ore containing iron . Klaproth convinced that this is a new metal oxide , and curiously named the new element to this "Titanium" ( Ti ) , the name refers to a Greek myth : that heaven and earth son called first generation "Too Dan Adams " (Titans), it is the legendary Titan , from , Ti titanium has become a symbol . 1849 German chemist Weiler with potassium and fluorine potassium titanate of heat , a system of impure metal titanium. Smelting titanium is present , first through a series of titanium ore processed into titanium tetrachloride, and then sunrui Titanium alloy valve magnesium or sodium reduction in an inert gas to produce spongy titanium is titanium sponge .
Titan god Titanic. German mineralogist Klaproth in the Greek mythology, the Titans gave reputation "Titanium " is , I'm afraid there was no thought of as titanium and Titan will be the Titanic , and even many of the potential of titanium , it is smart Titans God can not.
In 1986 , when the Chinese Academy of Engineering, Science and Technology Advisor Li Dongying was shot , " the rise of the third metal - titanium" won the Sixth China Golden Rooster Award for best popular science since the son of heaven and earth , " titanium" Tan God has begun in China from strangers into people 's vision . When the " Shenzhou V " manned spacecraft was successfully launched , " titanium" Tan God and the " Sunrui titanium material Shenzhou V " of Xiang blue sky.
Titanium , the son of heaven and earth , and its potential, intelligence will expose grace in different areas in the metal world of the twenty -first century , the number of romantic material also see the metal titanium.
Despite all walks of life now have titanium figure, but titanium is still in people's minds very strange, as is well known , unlike iron, aluminum, household name . Therefore, understanding titanium, titanium awareness , attention titanium becomes more urgent. Despite the early eighties of the last century , the state established the National Leading Group Office to promote the application of titanium , 20 years, Aerospace titanium castings titanium industry has been rapid development , further widening the use of titanium , titanium but in the end what that is, how to use, more its still know these people I do not know why.
A lot of people did not know what titanium , titanium past two years but the market is the same as the name "Titanium " hot, too hot for some people who do not understand the titanium -row actually said the words , that is, people say open yellow cavity. After more complicated after the titanium smelting process out , the shape of the sponge -like, it is called titanium sponge . Since last year, the market is extremely strong titanium sponge , the price soared from 5,6 million ton a ton to more than 20 million , the highest it has sold more than 30 million yuan a ton , it is no exaggeration to say that now in the hands of owners who titanium sponge whoever has the opportunity to make a fortune. In this hot market , some knowledge of the money and did not know who to care between acquaintances to buy titanium sponge titanium, titanium openings actually say do not buy just to buy a sponge , jokes jokes Yeah , even the product names are confused on buying titanium sponge , indeed ironic . Jokes apart , there are also thinking of a joke . How to make titanium into the homes of ordinary people , to let people know that just as iron titanium , aluminum, titanium promote the application of this work is to be valued . I want to let more people know about titanium, titanium know , the use of titanium , titanium had to start from the origin , and the depth into the room , go slowly so that people know the truth about titanium .
In 1789, the British discoverer of titanium analytical chemist Glenn Gore . Once, he conducted research on the UK Manasseh Chen valley produced a black magnetic ore, found to contain brown slag powder. He was a very strong interest and research. Did not arouse people's attention. 1795 , German mineralogist and analytical chemist Klaproth in the analysis region of Hungary Bowie Nick red rutile production , Chen found mine looks like Manasseh , after comparative studies, knows the difference between the main ingredient similar, but Manasseh Chen ore containing iron . Klaproth convinced that this is a new metal oxide , and curiously named the new element to this "Titanium" ( Ti ) , the name refers to a Greek myth : that heaven and earth son called first generation "Too Dan Adams " (Titans), it is the legendary Titan , from , Ti titanium has become a symbol . 1849 German chemist Weiler with potassium and fluorine potassium titanate of heat , a system of impure metal titanium. Smelting titanium is present , first through a series of titanium ore processed into titanium tetrachloride, and then sunrui Titanium alloy valve magnesium or sodium reduction in an inert gas to produce spongy titanium is titanium sponge .
Titan god Titanic. German mineralogist Klaproth in the Greek mythology, the Titans gave reputation "Titanium " is , I'm afraid there was no thought of as titanium and Titan will be the Titanic , and even many of the potential of titanium , it is smart Titans God can not.
In 1986 , when the Chinese Academy of Engineering, Science and Technology Advisor Li Dongying was shot , " the rise of the third metal - titanium" won the Sixth China Golden Rooster Award for best popular science since the son of heaven and earth , " titanium" Tan God has begun in China from strangers into people 's vision . When the " Shenzhou V " manned spacecraft was successfully launched , " titanium" Tan God and the " Sunrui titanium material Shenzhou V " of Xiang blue sky.
Titanium , the son of heaven and earth , and its potential, intelligence will expose grace in different areas in the metal world of the twenty -first century , the number of romantic material also see the metal titanium.
Titanium alloy valve Titanium crazy man in the world
Stone is always engaged in the processing of private enterprise , general manager of titanium Baoji City, Shaanxi Province , in June this year, he came to discuss business matters Zunyi Titanium plant at night in Caigen restaurant for dinner , I accidentally knew he has a Aerospace titanium castings deep and titanium Love .
Forty-six year -old stone overall , looks very lean and capable spirit . He has experienced four car accident, serious bodily injury , arms , feet , thighs, Jingbo multiple fractures have occurred . He said he had been able to walk around today , and can drive to the country to discuss business, thanks to its titanium support from the new life , let him walk freely and enjoy the fun of a new life . Know I was collecting material for their writing , "said titanium Big Pan " to introduce the knowledge of titanium , stone aggregate is also quite proud to tell me , I saw his outstretched right arm to roll up their sleeves that you see here on my arm titanium bone . Its the same to Baoji, Shaanxi Baoji Titanium Technology Co., Ltd. Gao Lin , general manager adds, titanium body very stony total , there are titanium plates , titanium screws, titanium bone , etc., also said that the stone is always the biggest beneficiaries of titanium person .
After listening to rock aggregate bond forged titanium , titanium makes me feel incredible. Although titanium is the biological parent metal , I still suspect and must be " titanium" and more on the body no good ! Unexpectedly Stone always said , all right, I'm no different with the previous freedom of movement . The total line when farewell stone back to Xi'an , according to the etiquette we shake hands with another , did not think his hand is so there is grip , which I regarded as " titanium" convinced , also felt the titanium to the crazy world of men brought endless madness charm.
If experience makes stone sunrui Titanium alloy valve and titanium total surprise , then, that 29 -year-old British teacher Gavin Rees and titanium that is really thrilling experience , shattering titanium madness.
According to the British "Sunday Mail" reported , Gavin Rees in a near-fatal skiing accident sustained severe head , facial bones and skull fractures and unrecognizable because even friends can not even recognize . Fortunately, the doctor for his purposes facial bone reconstruction surgery - with up to 21 " Titanium Skull" substitute its skull defect , and then to 131 screws tight to be fixed in order to eventually get rid of the death of his miraculously . Allegedly, 70% of head and now Gavin is composed of titanium , the metal content of his head than any other person in the world !
Talking about that crazy skiing accident , Gavin Rees recalled: "I facial bones are squeezed back , the whole head is deformed and friends have all been frightened , saying that they have been completely unable to recognize me . My injury is a mess , blood all over the place . friends will I wrapped in blankets , while singing to keep me awake while waiting for rescue personnel arrived . "
Happy is 19 hours of surgery to put " titanium head ," Gavin Rees has replaced the guy 's nose shape , people also become beautiful .
It is reported that doctors decided to rebuild destroyed Gavin Rees facial bone structure with titanium . As the face completely deformed , according to the doctor had Gavin passport photos as a guide to rebuild his facial structure . Interestingly, when informed that his facial bones should be replaced when titanium - Gavin require doctors to carry small change his appearance , put his nose made of titanium alloy handsome George Clooney looks like.
Doctors said that because of the metal content of Gavin Rees head than any man in the world , from students to their nickname "Golden headman " - sometimes friends curiously tapping his head , they also really will be issued clanking metal sound of it !
The above two cases associated with the titanium living textbook tells us that titanium is indeed a good thing, called the body regenerate bone. Men in this world juggling , crazy, looking for adventure stimulation, can not be avoided in the awesome scenery infinite probability , relatively woman, a man in distress is much larger than the crazy woman . We do not advocate the men go crazy adventure, but we want to bless a man of adventure , ready for their first 207 good human bones , " titanium" , which is " titanium titanium are " on the man's care.
In the green grass, when Sunrui titanium material you see men holding up play to do with titanium golf club to hit a ball , you will find a combination of titanium and man is so perfect , the mighty , the moment when the ball hit fly , you will feeling of titanium and titanium crazy man in the world opened the prelude - to show the beauty of masculine men titanium combined .
Forty-six year -old stone overall , looks very lean and capable spirit . He has experienced four car accident, serious bodily injury , arms , feet , thighs, Jingbo multiple fractures have occurred . He said he had been able to walk around today , and can drive to the country to discuss business, thanks to its titanium support from the new life , let him walk freely and enjoy the fun of a new life . Know I was collecting material for their writing , "said titanium Big Pan " to introduce the knowledge of titanium , stone aggregate is also quite proud to tell me , I saw his outstretched right arm to roll up their sleeves that you see here on my arm titanium bone . Its the same to Baoji, Shaanxi Baoji Titanium Technology Co., Ltd. Gao Lin , general manager adds, titanium body very stony total , there are titanium plates , titanium screws, titanium bone , etc., also said that the stone is always the biggest beneficiaries of titanium person .
After listening to rock aggregate bond forged titanium , titanium makes me feel incredible. Although titanium is the biological parent metal , I still suspect and must be " titanium" and more on the body no good ! Unexpectedly Stone always said , all right, I'm no different with the previous freedom of movement . The total line when farewell stone back to Xi'an , according to the etiquette we shake hands with another , did not think his hand is so there is grip , which I regarded as " titanium" convinced , also felt the titanium to the crazy world of men brought endless madness charm.
If experience makes stone sunrui Titanium alloy valve and titanium total surprise , then, that 29 -year-old British teacher Gavin Rees and titanium that is really thrilling experience , shattering titanium madness.
According to the British "Sunday Mail" reported , Gavin Rees in a near-fatal skiing accident sustained severe head , facial bones and skull fractures and unrecognizable because even friends can not even recognize . Fortunately, the doctor for his purposes facial bone reconstruction surgery - with up to 21 " Titanium Skull" substitute its skull defect , and then to 131 screws tight to be fixed in order to eventually get rid of the death of his miraculously . Allegedly, 70% of head and now Gavin is composed of titanium , the metal content of his head than any other person in the world !
Talking about that crazy skiing accident , Gavin Rees recalled: "I facial bones are squeezed back , the whole head is deformed and friends have all been frightened , saying that they have been completely unable to recognize me . My injury is a mess , blood all over the place . friends will I wrapped in blankets , while singing to keep me awake while waiting for rescue personnel arrived . "
Happy is 19 hours of surgery to put " titanium head ," Gavin Rees has replaced the guy 's nose shape , people also become beautiful .
It is reported that doctors decided to rebuild destroyed Gavin Rees facial bone structure with titanium . As the face completely deformed , according to the doctor had Gavin passport photos as a guide to rebuild his facial structure . Interestingly, when informed that his facial bones should be replaced when titanium - Gavin require doctors to carry small change his appearance , put his nose made of titanium alloy handsome George Clooney looks like.
Doctors said that because of the metal content of Gavin Rees head than any man in the world , from students to their nickname "Golden headman " - sometimes friends curiously tapping his head , they also really will be issued clanking metal sound of it !
The above two cases associated with the titanium living textbook tells us that titanium is indeed a good thing, called the body regenerate bone. Men in this world juggling , crazy, looking for adventure stimulation, can not be avoided in the awesome scenery infinite probability , relatively woman, a man in distress is much larger than the crazy woman . We do not advocate the men go crazy adventure, but we want to bless a man of adventure , ready for their first 207 good human bones , " titanium" , which is " titanium titanium are " on the man's care.
In the green grass, when Sunrui titanium material you see men holding up play to do with titanium golf club to hit a ball , you will find a combination of titanium and man is so perfect , the mighty , the moment when the ball hit fly , you will feeling of titanium and titanium crazy man in the world opened the prelude - to show the beauty of masculine men titanium combined .
titanium check valve Titanium wonderful woman in the world
Amy is a woman 's nature, even though she has " beauties Biyuexiuhua " of beauty, she would not give up the pursuit of beauty , women, the icing on the cake for a lifetime pursuit. Since ancient Aerospace titanium castings times, gold and silver diamond jade, pearl Ma Naobei are all dressed female beauty jewelry, it is also a woman in the beauty of nature to explore the beauty of decorative objects found on the end of the century a noble metal pro-biotic " titanium" relying on human skin affinity, began to become ornaments , into a brilliant woman in the world , adorned with endless wonderful woman in the world unique .
Because titanium jewelry beauty products, became the icing on the cake icing titanium , thus more beautiful woman in the world , hence the more wonderful , titanium let a woman when the wife "Titanium " beauty .
The first time I saw a woman Sunrui titanium material titanium ornaments , now or in the China Nonferrous Metals Industry Association, titanium , zirconium and hafnium club president and general manager of Baoji Titanium Group Wang Hanchen there to see. Wang always to remember that when the nation's largest titanium sponge production plant in Zunyi Titanium plant visits , took out a silver bracelet , said that this is done titanium bracelet, very lightweight , lightweight feel worn on the hand good . Later, by a friend in Taiwan where I saw a more refined workmanship titanium necklace , titanium rings, titanium earrings, titanium earrings and so on. At this time, I was aware of titanium in the twenty -first century will have a deep bond with the woman 's story will happen , perhaps because women in the world appear to produce a titanium jewelry titanium wonderful beautiful change.
Query data , I found that titanium is indeed magical, it can not only decorative features of the modern woman's beauty , dotted Li Jingbo , the whitewash the hand of the show, but also let some gloomy female breast rise, swagger - this is the new nickel-titanium bra alloy charm.
Breasts is regarded as the most notable female secondary sex characteristics . It is said that the habit of Oriental women bra Bra from Yang invention. Social progress , changing times , always had the habit of bra Oriental women have begun to wear sun dress , low-cut dress and other clothing , and some also use a variety of beautiful bra to beautify the shape of the breast .
In addition to the size of the sunrui Titanium alloy valve female breast affected by hormones , but also by a variety of genetic factors , environmental factors, nutrition , weight , physical exercise. Some people in order to make up the breasts while taking hormone drugs , endocrine disorders will inevitably bring , the beauty of women must be careful to use. Breast is it has the potential to cause harm to breast tissue under the negative influence . It is understood that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) prohibited such products to market. Some foreign countries have silicon breast augmentation capsules bags in vivo safety questioned .
Experts recommend physical exercise plus choose the ideal bra is the most appropriate. Bra has recently introduced a new foreign high-tech , with its bottom rim "shape memory alloy" in place of nickel-titanium alloy when heated to a certain temperature , i.e., a predetermined shape to reply , and it is more flexible than the existing rims even after washing distorted , just wore that tie with the temperature curve , the elastic than normal rims doubled in size, will not be deformed . With the popularization and application of titanium , I believe that soon the natural beauty of oriental women will benefit from them.
Jewelry made of titanium , titanium system bra will make wonderful woman in the world . Advantage of titanium is " titanium " Light : titanium, stainless steel accounts for about half of cobalt, chromium and other alloys , it is much lighter than gold 16.3 , in making earrings, necklaces and other jewelry when obvious advantages ;
"Titanium " has good corrosion resistance : it embodies the advantages of jewelry is non-corrosive , not color, can long maintain a good luster, and is not afraid of water ;
"Titanium " has good biocompatibility : good corrosion resistance characteristics of titanium and people make it after long-term exposure does not affect its nature , does not cause allergies. Now in the medical field has been widely used. Therefore, people who are allergic to metal can boldly wear titanium jewelry ;
"Titanium " Can coloring : titanium metal has a very interesting feature , titanium placed on certain current through the electrolyte , the surface will be based on the electrolytic oxide film , and the thickness of the oxide film may decide to change the color while and no external element. Now do the colors are gold , black, blue , brown , flowers and other colors . This feature makes it more colorful jewelry design , more fashionable ;
High titanium hardness, not easy to deformation , unlike ordinary wear gold and silver jewelry and other period of time need to re- shaping.
Since the material properties of titanium and unique cultural connotation , she will become after the precious metals platinum, gold jewelry is another stylish and classic metal ! Recent years, the Western countries and Japan, South Korea , titanium jewelry industry is booming , and ascendant, titanium jewelry has become a fashion, classic , conservation , personality, health synonymous ! believe that in the near future , Xiuwaihuizhong , sunny temperament of women will add in the next Jin let panacea "Titanium " charm !
Because titanium jewelry beauty products, became the icing on the cake icing titanium , thus more beautiful woman in the world , hence the more wonderful , titanium let a woman when the wife "Titanium " beauty .
The first time I saw a woman Sunrui titanium material titanium ornaments , now or in the China Nonferrous Metals Industry Association, titanium , zirconium and hafnium club president and general manager of Baoji Titanium Group Wang Hanchen there to see. Wang always to remember that when the nation's largest titanium sponge production plant in Zunyi Titanium plant visits , took out a silver bracelet , said that this is done titanium bracelet, very lightweight , lightweight feel worn on the hand good . Later, by a friend in Taiwan where I saw a more refined workmanship titanium necklace , titanium rings, titanium earrings, titanium earrings and so on. At this time, I was aware of titanium in the twenty -first century will have a deep bond with the woman 's story will happen , perhaps because women in the world appear to produce a titanium jewelry titanium wonderful beautiful change.
Query data , I found that titanium is indeed magical, it can not only decorative features of the modern woman's beauty , dotted Li Jingbo , the whitewash the hand of the show, but also let some gloomy female breast rise, swagger - this is the new nickel-titanium bra alloy charm.
Breasts is regarded as the most notable female secondary sex characteristics . It is said that the habit of Oriental women bra Bra from Yang invention. Social progress , changing times , always had the habit of bra Oriental women have begun to wear sun dress , low-cut dress and other clothing , and some also use a variety of beautiful bra to beautify the shape of the breast .
In addition to the size of the sunrui Titanium alloy valve female breast affected by hormones , but also by a variety of genetic factors , environmental factors, nutrition , weight , physical exercise. Some people in order to make up the breasts while taking hormone drugs , endocrine disorders will inevitably bring , the beauty of women must be careful to use. Breast is it has the potential to cause harm to breast tissue under the negative influence . It is understood that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) prohibited such products to market. Some foreign countries have silicon breast augmentation capsules bags in vivo safety questioned .
Experts recommend physical exercise plus choose the ideal bra is the most appropriate. Bra has recently introduced a new foreign high-tech , with its bottom rim "shape memory alloy" in place of nickel-titanium alloy when heated to a certain temperature , i.e., a predetermined shape to reply , and it is more flexible than the existing rims even after washing distorted , just wore that tie with the temperature curve , the elastic than normal rims doubled in size, will not be deformed . With the popularization and application of titanium , I believe that soon the natural beauty of oriental women will benefit from them.
Jewelry made of titanium , titanium system bra will make wonderful woman in the world . Advantage of titanium is " titanium " Light : titanium, stainless steel accounts for about half of cobalt, chromium and other alloys , it is much lighter than gold 16.3 , in making earrings, necklaces and other jewelry when obvious advantages ;
"Titanium " has good corrosion resistance : it embodies the advantages of jewelry is non-corrosive , not color, can long maintain a good luster, and is not afraid of water ;
"Titanium " has good biocompatibility : good corrosion resistance characteristics of titanium and people make it after long-term exposure does not affect its nature , does not cause allergies. Now in the medical field has been widely used. Therefore, people who are allergic to metal can boldly wear titanium jewelry ;
"Titanium " Can coloring : titanium metal has a very interesting feature , titanium placed on certain current through the electrolyte , the surface will be based on the electrolytic oxide film , and the thickness of the oxide film may decide to change the color while and no external element. Now do the colors are gold , black, blue , brown , flowers and other colors . This feature makes it more colorful jewelry design , more fashionable ;
High titanium hardness, not easy to deformation , unlike ordinary wear gold and silver jewelry and other period of time need to re- shaping.
Since the material properties of titanium and unique cultural connotation , she will become after the precious metals platinum, gold jewelry is another stylish and classic metal ! Recent years, the Western countries and Japan, South Korea , titanium jewelry industry is booming , and ascendant, titanium jewelry has become a fashion, classic , conservation , personality, health synonymous ! believe that in the near future , Xiuwaihuizhong , sunny temperament of women will add in the next Jin let panacea "Titanium " charm !
titanium check valve Application prospect titanium material
Titanium is first discovered by British scientists Geneigeer from ilmenite ore in 1791 , in 1795 the German chemist carat Plott also discovered the element from rutile and named "Titanium ." Aerospace titanium castings Due to the high chemical activity of titanium , in 1910 it was discovered 120 years after it first extract the metal titanium , magnesium reduction method in 1940 had titanium sponge , from the foundation of industrial production methods titanium .
Titanium reserves in the crust is very rich , it is second only to iron, aluminum , magnesium, ranking fourth , more than ten times more than the sum of the common metals copper, nickel , lead and zinc. Industry for the production of titanium ore rutile , ilmenite and titanomagnetite .
Titanium metal has many excellent properties : Titanium accounted for 4.5g/cm3, only 56% of the ordinary structural steel , structural steel and strength quite ordinary or higher , the metal structure material , titanium is the highest strength .
The melting point of titanium 1668 ℃, than iron , nickel, slightly higher than aluminum , magnesium , high melting point above 1000 ℃ . Therefore, as the light metal structural materials , titanium has a much better than aluminum, magnesium alloy heat resistance , maximum temperature up to 600 ℃.
A titanium oxide layer with highly rugged surface oxide film formed in an oxidizing atmosphere , which is an oxidizing acid, alkali , salt medium , especially in wet chlorine and seawater , has excellent corrosion resistance.
Titanium has allotrope crystal structure above 885 ℃ of close-packed hexagonal lattice of β phase , the following α -phase body-centered cubic lattice . Therefore , after adding different alloying elements , titanium can be divided into α-, β- and α + β categories. Allotrope of titanium so that when adding different alloying elements can be very different performance alloys and heat treatment has a large effect .
Expansion coefficient of titanium is 8.2 × 10-6 / ℃, the smaller the general structure of the metal , the thermal shock when a small stress , suitable for use in temperature changing environment .
Titanium has good toughness and fatigue resistance , weldability is also very good . Good low temperature properties of titanium , at -196 ℃, low temperature brittleness is not presented , these properties are very suitable for structural use .
Thermal conductivity of titanium small , non-magnetic , superconducting properties also have some titanium , memory performance, and hydrogen storage properties and other functions.
Since titanium has a series of sunrui Titanium alloy valve excellent performance, very rich in resources , after the advent of the industrial production of titanium , immediate attention by the world in general . 1947 United States take the lead in the industrialized production of titanium sponge , then produce two tons of titanium sponge , 1957 on the development of more than 15,000 tons . Japan in 1952, the former Soviet Union have begun in 1954 with an average annual production of titanium sponge . China also began trial production of titanium sponge in 1958, and now has formed a complete industrial system of titanium . Currently, there are countries in the world titanium industry mainly the United States , CIS, Japan, Britain, China and Germany.
The first is the application of titanium in military and aviation industry from the beginning . As early as 1951 the United States will be on the plane for titanium , used in aircraft to the United States in 1961 amounted to 3,940 tons of titanium manufacturing , accounting for 77% of the total amount of titanium , if the missile and space technology combined with titanium , titanium accounting 95% of the amount of material . The former Soviet Union , the United Kingdom titanium are mainly used in military and aerospace industries. In the 1970s , the excellent performance of titanium gradually generally recognized in civilian industry , titanium used in the metallurgical, chemical, electric power and other civilian industries increased year by year , the amount has been growing steadily . Now, the U.S. non- aerospace titanium has more than 30% , 50% CIS , Japan, due to historical reasons, almost all titanium for civilian industry.
China is a country very rich in titanium resources , after decades of development , has been formed from titanium, titanium sponge , titanium and titanium smelting production , titanium equipment manufacturing as a whole industrial system. China titanium for the aerospace industry is also the rise of our country in the 1980s determined to promote the principle of civilian titanium , the state has taken a timely manner to support the policy , titanium industry was on the path of stable development. However, the current scale of production in China and titanium and titanium industry there is a great gap between the world's developed countries , in the civil industry is also a small amount of titanium , the reason is the superiority of titanium materialSunrui titanium material has not been widely recognized , coupled with the high price of titanium material many companies can not afford to make a direct impact on the promotion of the use of titanium materials. For China 's titanium industry has been rapid development , we must vigorously publicize and promote the use of titanium metal, titanium metal material so that the superiority and the use of titanium material can bring economic and social benefits are well known.
Titanium reserves in the crust is very rich , it is second only to iron, aluminum , magnesium, ranking fourth , more than ten times more than the sum of the common metals copper, nickel , lead and zinc. Industry for the production of titanium ore rutile , ilmenite and titanomagnetite .
Titanium metal has many excellent properties : Titanium accounted for 4.5g/cm3, only 56% of the ordinary structural steel , structural steel and strength quite ordinary or higher , the metal structure material , titanium is the highest strength .
The melting point of titanium 1668 ℃, than iron , nickel, slightly higher than aluminum , magnesium , high melting point above 1000 ℃ . Therefore, as the light metal structural materials , titanium has a much better than aluminum, magnesium alloy heat resistance , maximum temperature up to 600 ℃.
A titanium oxide layer with highly rugged surface oxide film formed in an oxidizing atmosphere , which is an oxidizing acid, alkali , salt medium , especially in wet chlorine and seawater , has excellent corrosion resistance.
Titanium has allotrope crystal structure above 885 ℃ of close-packed hexagonal lattice of β phase , the following α -phase body-centered cubic lattice . Therefore , after adding different alloying elements , titanium can be divided into α-, β- and α + β categories. Allotrope of titanium so that when adding different alloying elements can be very different performance alloys and heat treatment has a large effect .
Expansion coefficient of titanium is 8.2 × 10-6 / ℃, the smaller the general structure of the metal , the thermal shock when a small stress , suitable for use in temperature changing environment .
Titanium has good toughness and fatigue resistance , weldability is also very good . Good low temperature properties of titanium , at -196 ℃, low temperature brittleness is not presented , these properties are very suitable for structural use .
Thermal conductivity of titanium small , non-magnetic , superconducting properties also have some titanium , memory performance, and hydrogen storage properties and other functions.
Since titanium has a series of sunrui Titanium alloy valve excellent performance, very rich in resources , after the advent of the industrial production of titanium , immediate attention by the world in general . 1947 United States take the lead in the industrialized production of titanium sponge , then produce two tons of titanium sponge , 1957 on the development of more than 15,000 tons . Japan in 1952, the former Soviet Union have begun in 1954 with an average annual production of titanium sponge . China also began trial production of titanium sponge in 1958, and now has formed a complete industrial system of titanium . Currently, there are countries in the world titanium industry mainly the United States , CIS, Japan, Britain, China and Germany.
The first is the application of titanium in military and aviation industry from the beginning . As early as 1951 the United States will be on the plane for titanium , used in aircraft to the United States in 1961 amounted to 3,940 tons of titanium manufacturing , accounting for 77% of the total amount of titanium , if the missile and space technology combined with titanium , titanium accounting 95% of the amount of material . The former Soviet Union , the United Kingdom titanium are mainly used in military and aerospace industries. In the 1970s , the excellent performance of titanium gradually generally recognized in civilian industry , titanium used in the metallurgical, chemical, electric power and other civilian industries increased year by year , the amount has been growing steadily . Now, the U.S. non- aerospace titanium has more than 30% , 50% CIS , Japan, due to historical reasons, almost all titanium for civilian industry.
China is a country very rich in titanium resources , after decades of development , has been formed from titanium, titanium sponge , titanium and titanium smelting production , titanium equipment manufacturing as a whole industrial system. China titanium for the aerospace industry is also the rise of our country in the 1980s determined to promote the principle of civilian titanium , the state has taken a timely manner to support the policy , titanium industry was on the path of stable development. However, the current scale of production in China and titanium and titanium industry there is a great gap between the world's developed countries , in the civil industry is also a small amount of titanium , the reason is the superiority of titanium materialSunrui titanium material has not been widely recognized , coupled with the high price of titanium material many companies can not afford to make a direct impact on the promotion of the use of titanium materials. For China 's titanium industry has been rapid development , we must vigorously publicize and promote the use of titanium metal, titanium metal material so that the superiority and the use of titanium material can bring economic and social benefits are well known.
titanium check valve Research Investment casting with titanium
Research Investment casting with titanium oxide ceramic shell -shell technology for
Titanium Investment casting technology to meet the needs of the aerospace industry and developed , Aerospace titanium castings has been widely used in aerospace titanium titanium components and civilian structures manufacturing. Practice has proved that the titanium alloy precision casting technology has become almost no margin of several forming processes to obtain maximum effectiveness of a process [ 1-3] . With the extensive application of titanium castings , its increasingly stringent quality and usability requirements , in addition, the level of costs also limit its application prospects is an important indicator . Graphite was low cost but poor quality of the casting surface , and is not suitable for the production of thin-walled complex parts [ 4 ] , but with the surface layer of refractory metal or yttrium oxide surface layer ceramic shell can be cast out of high quality titanium castings, but the cost is very high [ 5,6 ] . For this study the low -cost , suitable for the production of complex thin-walled shell technology for a new type of titanium oxide ceramic Investment casting is .
1 Materials and experimental methods
1.1 The main system shell material
Mold material : the material properties of the selected mode is shown in Table 1. The main use of imported wax wax casting specifically for titanium , gate part is low cost, performance can meet the requirements of homemade wax , respectively, after pressing, welding synthetic wax module.
Table 1 titanium casting mold materials with properties
Table1 Waxes used for making shells
Performance of imported wax homemade wax
Dropping Point / ℃ 69 ~ 71 70.5
Freezing point / ℃ 58 ~ 59 60 ~ 62
Linear shrinkage / % 1.3 0.4 0.6
Penetration / 1/10mm 12 ~ 14 11
Zhao hardness 21.1 19
Tensile strength / MPa 3.69 2.91
Adhesive wetting angle / ° 89 ~ 92 79 ~ 82
Density / g/mm3 0.91 ~ 0.94 0.95 ~ 1
Ash / % < 0.01 0.05
The surface layer and the adjacent surface layer of slurry : The main components of zirconia refractories , sunrui Titanium alloy valve size of 30μm or less. Organic zirconium sol as a binder , the size of the refractory rubber match should be 10 ~ 15nm.
The surface layer and the adjacent surface layer of sanding : the main component of the surface layer is made of zirconium dioxide sand , the size of 150 ~ 300μm. To reduce costs, the use of adjacent surface layer is mainly composed of ZrO2.SiO2 zircon sand . The results show that the diffusion of Si is not seen in the casting , it is feasible the use of zircon sand .
Back layer system shell material: silica sol as a binder , using Morley powder and sand as refractories.
1.2 system shell method
The order of addition batter followed binders , refractory powder , trace additives. Minor amounts of additives to improve the stability of the coating role is to improve the wettability of the material and the mold , etc., and to prevent drying of the surface layer after the return water soluble additive is selected micro- organic material can be removed during the calcination . Stir batter than 2h at room temperature ( about 20 ℃) in the air , after the return of 1h to use .
O face the same batter pulp and raw materials , the production process is the same, only slightly smaller concentrations . Slurry feed back order binders , refractory powder. Also need to continuously stirred slurry back more than 2h , after the return of before use. Depending on the size of the backing layer casting , painted hanging normally takes 4-9 layers.
Drying : Drying time the surface layer and the adjacent surface layer are 24h, the temperature is 20 ℃, relative humidity of not less than 60% , the drying time of the backing layer is not less than 4h, the same as other conditions and the surface layer .
Dewaxing process : the use of microwave dewaxing , the equipment used for the large cavity size , 1500W Adjustable microwave intensity.
Roasting process : After dewaxing gas shell fired at without protection roaster .
Optimization of two main parameters of the Shell Technology
In all system shell process parameters on shell quality and ultimately a greater impact on the quality of castings are: batter ingredients, namely powder -liquid ratio , dewaxing and roasting process parameters [ 7 ] , this research labs now there are devices on the above parameters in-depth study and optimize selection.
2.1 powder -liquid ratio across the layer of coating thickness and suspension rate impact
Table 2 powder-liquid ratio on the opposite layer coating thickness and coating suspension rates . The results show that the greater the surface pulp powder -liquid ratio , the greater the thickness of the surface coating , the coating suspension , the better. Generally believed that if the surface coating is too thin (<0.2mm), the shell will be affected by sanding the surface , the roughness increased. If the coating is too thick (> 0.6mm), the coating , poor mobility, easy accumulation , during the drying or firing cracks easily [ 7 ] , which in this study has also been confirmed in the present study therefore the powder in the liquid ratio should be controlled between 5.0:1 - 6.0:1 .
Table 2 in the powder -liquid ratio of coating performance
Table2 Effects of solid / liquid ratios on the properties of coating
4.0:1 5.0:1 5.5:1 powder -liquid ratio 6.0:1
Coating thickness / mm 0.11 0.25 0.36 0.65
Coating suspension rate / % 88.3 90.1 93.1 97.6
2.2 Effect of shell powder -liquid ratio and calcination temperature on the room temperature and high residual strength
Figure 1 shows the ratio of powder and liquid at room temperature and high temperature effect on residual strength . Strength of the sample is composed of five levels of plasma and surface sand composition , each drying 24h, continuous coating hanging , firing 4h. Flexural strength of the strength test .
Figure 1 powder-liquid ratio of the residual strength of the opposite layer
Fig.1 Effects of S / L ratios on the remain flexural of
surface coats baked at different temperatures
The results showed that the powder -liquid ratio improved shell specimen bending strength . Calcination temperature is increased , the flexural strength increases with . Since 1100 ℃ ZrO2 occurs near the phase transition , so that the strength in the vicinity of this temperature increase is not significant , but the phase change process , the lattice of unstable energy increased activity increased , so should be avoided in the actual production of the calcined temperature. After calcination at 1200 ℃ by the high ratio of powder and liquid coatings ( 6.5:1 ) intensity decreased slightly reason: Because the coating is too thick , a slight increase in the calcination process of internal defects , thereby affecting its strength. From the results in Table 2 and Figure 1 show that the optimum value of 5.5:1 powder-liquid ratio of the surface layer material . The firing temperature is preferably at about 1200 ℃, but for small pieces of calcination temperature can be set at around 1000 ~ 1050 ℃.
2.3 Optimization of process parameters dewaxing
For this study cast casting spade 150mm × 100mm , thickness of 2.5mm, the microwave dewaxing process, the time relationship between the intensity of the microwave shown in Figure 2 and dewaxing .
Figure 2 microwave intensity and dewaxing time
(a) the inner surface intact ; Sunrui titanium material (b) inner surface microcracks
Fig.2 Effects of different microwave intensities on dewaxing time
(a) no crack; (b) have cracks
Figure in a district that is less than 70% when the microwave intensity , dewaxed shell inner surface smooth , with little residual wax, no visible cracks. When the microwave intensity is too large (b zone ) , dewaxed shell intact , although overall , but there are a few cracks in the surface layer , with the microwave intensity increased the number of cracks increases , the reasons for this phenomenon may be due to over- heating rate fast , since the internal stress of the inner and outer layers of different thermal expansion coefficients of the time to produce slack . Therefore microwave intensity used in this study was 50% , dewaxing time about 8min. Through other experiments show that this dewaxing process useful in the present study not only the spade member is equally applicable to other shapes and sizes of parts.
Titanium Investment casting technology to meet the needs of the aerospace industry and developed , Aerospace titanium castings has been widely used in aerospace titanium titanium components and civilian structures manufacturing. Practice has proved that the titanium alloy precision casting technology has become almost no margin of several forming processes to obtain maximum effectiveness of a process [ 1-3] . With the extensive application of titanium castings , its increasingly stringent quality and usability requirements , in addition, the level of costs also limit its application prospects is an important indicator . Graphite was low cost but poor quality of the casting surface , and is not suitable for the production of thin-walled complex parts [ 4 ] , but with the surface layer of refractory metal or yttrium oxide surface layer ceramic shell can be cast out of high quality titanium castings, but the cost is very high [ 5,6 ] . For this study the low -cost , suitable for the production of complex thin-walled shell technology for a new type of titanium oxide ceramic Investment casting is .
1 Materials and experimental methods
1.1 The main system shell material
Mold material : the material properties of the selected mode is shown in Table 1. The main use of imported wax wax casting specifically for titanium , gate part is low cost, performance can meet the requirements of homemade wax , respectively, after pressing, welding synthetic wax module.
Table 1 titanium casting mold materials with properties
Table1 Waxes used for making shells
Performance of imported wax homemade wax
Dropping Point / ℃ 69 ~ 71 70.5
Freezing point / ℃ 58 ~ 59 60 ~ 62
Linear shrinkage / % 1.3 0.4 0.6
Penetration / 1/10mm 12 ~ 14 11
Zhao hardness 21.1 19
Tensile strength / MPa 3.69 2.91
Adhesive wetting angle / ° 89 ~ 92 79 ~ 82
Density / g/mm3 0.91 ~ 0.94 0.95 ~ 1
Ash / % < 0.01 0.05
The surface layer and the adjacent surface layer of slurry : The main components of zirconia refractories , sunrui Titanium alloy valve size of 30μm or less. Organic zirconium sol as a binder , the size of the refractory rubber match should be 10 ~ 15nm.
The surface layer and the adjacent surface layer of sanding : the main component of the surface layer is made of zirconium dioxide sand , the size of 150 ~ 300μm. To reduce costs, the use of adjacent surface layer is mainly composed of ZrO2.SiO2 zircon sand . The results show that the diffusion of Si is not seen in the casting , it is feasible the use of zircon sand .
Back layer system shell material: silica sol as a binder , using Morley powder and sand as refractories.
1.2 system shell method
The order of addition batter followed binders , refractory powder , trace additives. Minor amounts of additives to improve the stability of the coating role is to improve the wettability of the material and the mold , etc., and to prevent drying of the surface layer after the return water soluble additive is selected micro- organic material can be removed during the calcination . Stir batter than 2h at room temperature ( about 20 ℃) in the air , after the return of 1h to use .
O face the same batter pulp and raw materials , the production process is the same, only slightly smaller concentrations . Slurry feed back order binders , refractory powder. Also need to continuously stirred slurry back more than 2h , after the return of before use. Depending on the size of the backing layer casting , painted hanging normally takes 4-9 layers.
Drying : Drying time the surface layer and the adjacent surface layer are 24h, the temperature is 20 ℃, relative humidity of not less than 60% , the drying time of the backing layer is not less than 4h, the same as other conditions and the surface layer .
Dewaxing process : the use of microwave dewaxing , the equipment used for the large cavity size , 1500W Adjustable microwave intensity.
Roasting process : After dewaxing gas shell fired at without protection roaster .
Optimization of two main parameters of the Shell Technology
In all system shell process parameters on shell quality and ultimately a greater impact on the quality of castings are: batter ingredients, namely powder -liquid ratio , dewaxing and roasting process parameters [ 7 ] , this research labs now there are devices on the above parameters in-depth study and optimize selection.
2.1 powder -liquid ratio across the layer of coating thickness and suspension rate impact
Table 2 powder-liquid ratio on the opposite layer coating thickness and coating suspension rates . The results show that the greater the surface pulp powder -liquid ratio , the greater the thickness of the surface coating , the coating suspension , the better. Generally believed that if the surface coating is too thin (<0.2mm), the shell will be affected by sanding the surface , the roughness increased. If the coating is too thick (> 0.6mm), the coating , poor mobility, easy accumulation , during the drying or firing cracks easily [ 7 ] , which in this study has also been confirmed in the present study therefore the powder in the liquid ratio should be controlled between 5.0:1 - 6.0:1 .
Table 2 in the powder -liquid ratio of coating performance
Table2 Effects of solid / liquid ratios on the properties of coating
4.0:1 5.0:1 5.5:1 powder -liquid ratio 6.0:1
Coating thickness / mm 0.11 0.25 0.36 0.65
Coating suspension rate / % 88.3 90.1 93.1 97.6
2.2 Effect of shell powder -liquid ratio and calcination temperature on the room temperature and high residual strength
Figure 1 shows the ratio of powder and liquid at room temperature and high temperature effect on residual strength . Strength of the sample is composed of five levels of plasma and surface sand composition , each drying 24h, continuous coating hanging , firing 4h. Flexural strength of the strength test .
Figure 1 powder-liquid ratio of the residual strength of the opposite layer
Fig.1 Effects of S / L ratios on the remain flexural of
surface coats baked at different temperatures
The results showed that the powder -liquid ratio improved shell specimen bending strength . Calcination temperature is increased , the flexural strength increases with . Since 1100 ℃ ZrO2 occurs near the phase transition , so that the strength in the vicinity of this temperature increase is not significant , but the phase change process , the lattice of unstable energy increased activity increased , so should be avoided in the actual production of the calcined temperature. After calcination at 1200 ℃ by the high ratio of powder and liquid coatings ( 6.5:1 ) intensity decreased slightly reason: Because the coating is too thick , a slight increase in the calcination process of internal defects , thereby affecting its strength. From the results in Table 2 and Figure 1 show that the optimum value of 5.5:1 powder-liquid ratio of the surface layer material . The firing temperature is preferably at about 1200 ℃, but for small pieces of calcination temperature can be set at around 1000 ~ 1050 ℃.
2.3 Optimization of process parameters dewaxing
For this study cast casting spade 150mm × 100mm , thickness of 2.5mm, the microwave dewaxing process, the time relationship between the intensity of the microwave shown in Figure 2 and dewaxing .
Figure 2 microwave intensity and dewaxing time
(a) the inner surface intact ; Sunrui titanium material (b) inner surface microcracks
Fig.2 Effects of different microwave intensities on dewaxing time
(a) no crack; (b) have cracks
Figure in a district that is less than 70% when the microwave intensity , dewaxed shell inner surface smooth , with little residual wax, no visible cracks. When the microwave intensity is too large (b zone ) , dewaxed shell intact , although overall , but there are a few cracks in the surface layer , with the microwave intensity increased the number of cracks increases , the reasons for this phenomenon may be due to over- heating rate fast , since the internal stress of the inner and outer layers of different thermal expansion coefficients of the time to produce slack . Therefore microwave intensity used in this study was 50% , dewaxing time about 8min. Through other experiments show that this dewaxing process useful in the present study not only the spade member is equally applicable to other shapes and sizes of parts.
Aerospace titanium castings How to distinguish a titanium frame
Titanium material found
Development of titanium materials: a German chemist in 1794 ( two hundred and seven years ago ) discovered this new metal element and named it titanium titanium. Named by sources from the ancient myth of the West Prince Titan ( Titan ) , because he believes that super-strength titanium and ultra- refractory degree , working with the great Aerospace titanium castings Titan with shine .
Although titanium material in the Second ○ was discovered seven years ago , but due to refining process was not easy ( titanium is very easy to combine with oxygen ) , scientists have been unable to be refined into useful substances metals. Until 1938 , DuPont developed a new way to extract , plus magnesium reduction method, the red and gold reserves in the ground ore , after chlorination, plus magnesium , restore it and become a sponge titanium, to a ninety-four three years , DuPont began producing a large number of titanium metal products.
Development of titanium frames
Titanium is a metallic chemical element , because the refining process is not easy, and less expensive titanium material production , it is only used in the early titanium aerospace science , marine science and other high-tech science and energy development . And daily necessities are to begin in 1965 applied to the titanium material .
The first titanium frame is in九八○年someone invented the " rivet -like titanium frames " titanium welding is a very difficult material, there is no better way to do early connection handling , use rivets type of way to put it nailed together. While in 1981 , the plant began outside coated with a layer of nickel titanium material to facilitate welding. An increasingly competitive market and month of the new manufacturing methods , 1982 Day MARUMAM company pioneered the first payment in full titanium metal frames around the world ; 1984 also has factories launched nickel-plated titanium frames , there is a big price difference .
Material development of titanium
1 . Full titanium : Frame in addition to the screws and plastic gloves for outside , all metal parts made of titanium material .
2 . Nickel titanium package : Borders titanium material, the surface material using a nickel package , and now this frame no longer exists.
3 . Assembled Titanium: Due to the high cost of production of nickel and titanium package to update the device , it is not updated before , assembled titanium frames as the situation , but this product is dangerous because each metal has a different melting point, literally Putting it together will be very fragile. Early nickel- titanium frame package passes flattened angle , it 's not like a factory original border distribution of production so mean , so after use , nickel, and titanium -coated layer that will break out and no way to weld repair , titanium also includes assembling such a situation .
4 . Nickel-plated titanium : sunrui Titanium alloy valve In order to reduce costs, make it easier on the production, but also come up with a factory nickel plated titanium . So then processed using conventional welding techniques .
How to distinguish between pure titanium frame
1 Check the weight.
2 Check magnetic reflection.
3 Check the hinge structure .
4 with a chemical reagent checked.
5 Test conductive index .
We can be a magnet placed on the table , then leaned over the frame , if it is not generating the magnetic response of titanium frames . Also check its hinge , titanium glasses are placed two plastic or metal liner in the hinge , in addition , because of different metals with different electrical conductivity , so with conductive index can be measured whether the titanium metal .
Now consumers in addition to aerospace investment castings care about aesthetics , but also pay great attention to security , such as European countries have regulations, things come into contact with human skin items ( such as glasses , watches , necklaces , etc. ) , if necessary ingredient containing nickel marked . Because the nickel whites sometimes cause skin lesions or skin cancer , so manufacturers and stores have a duty to inform .
Development of titanium materials: a German chemist in 1794 ( two hundred and seven years ago ) discovered this new metal element and named it titanium titanium. Named by sources from the ancient myth of the West Prince Titan ( Titan ) , because he believes that super-strength titanium and ultra- refractory degree , working with the great Aerospace titanium castings Titan with shine .
Although titanium material in the Second ○ was discovered seven years ago , but due to refining process was not easy ( titanium is very easy to combine with oxygen ) , scientists have been unable to be refined into useful substances metals. Until 1938 , DuPont developed a new way to extract , plus magnesium reduction method, the red and gold reserves in the ground ore , after chlorination, plus magnesium , restore it and become a sponge titanium, to a ninety-four three years , DuPont began producing a large number of titanium metal products.
Development of titanium frames
Titanium is a metallic chemical element , because the refining process is not easy, and less expensive titanium material production , it is only used in the early titanium aerospace science , marine science and other high-tech science and energy development . And daily necessities are to begin in 1965 applied to the titanium material .
The first titanium frame is in九八○年someone invented the " rivet -like titanium frames " titanium welding is a very difficult material, there is no better way to do early connection handling , use rivets type of way to put it nailed together. While in 1981 , the plant began outside coated with a layer of nickel titanium material to facilitate welding. An increasingly competitive market and month of the new manufacturing methods , 1982 Day MARUMAM company pioneered the first payment in full titanium metal frames around the world ; 1984 also has factories launched nickel-plated titanium frames , there is a big price difference .
Material development of titanium
1 . Full titanium : Frame in addition to the screws and plastic gloves for outside , all metal parts made of titanium material .
2 . Nickel titanium package : Borders titanium material, the surface material using a nickel package , and now this frame no longer exists.
3 . Assembled Titanium: Due to the high cost of production of nickel and titanium package to update the device , it is not updated before , assembled titanium frames as the situation , but this product is dangerous because each metal has a different melting point, literally Putting it together will be very fragile. Early nickel- titanium frame package passes flattened angle , it 's not like a factory original border distribution of production so mean , so after use , nickel, and titanium -coated layer that will break out and no way to weld repair , titanium also includes assembling such a situation .
4 . Nickel-plated titanium : sunrui Titanium alloy valve In order to reduce costs, make it easier on the production, but also come up with a factory nickel plated titanium . So then processed using conventional welding techniques .
How to distinguish between pure titanium frame
1 Check the weight.
2 Check magnetic reflection.
3 Check the hinge structure .
4 with a chemical reagent checked.
5 Test conductive index .
We can be a magnet placed on the table , then leaned over the frame , if it is not generating the magnetic response of titanium frames . Also check its hinge , titanium glasses are placed two plastic or metal liner in the hinge , in addition , because of different metals with different electrical conductivity , so with conductive index can be measured whether the titanium metal .
Now consumers in addition to aerospace investment castings care about aesthetics , but also pay great attention to security , such as European countries have regulations, things come into contact with human skin items ( such as glasses , watches , necklaces , etc. ) , if necessary ingredient containing nickel marked . Because the nickel whites sometimes cause skin lesions or skin cancer , so manufacturers and stores have a duty to inform .
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